Growth Factors / Cytokines

Cytokines for mouse neuronal cell culture. Neural Stem Cells (NSC) are self-renewing cells, of the neural lineage, capable of generating neurons (GABA, dopamine and motor neurons), astrocytes and oligodenrocytes. NSCs are marked by expression of Nestin and can be derived from fetal neural stem...

Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family and is expressed by monocytes and macrophages. HB-EGF is the predominant growth factor involved in epithelialization during wound healing. HB-EGF signals through the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2...

Fractalkine, also known as CX3CL1, is a cytokine protein containing a CX3C chemokine motif atop a mucin stalk. Fractalkine is produced by non-hemopoietic cells, including neurons and astrocytes. Soluble fractalkine functions as a chemoattractant for T cells and monocytes. Cell-membrane-bound...

B cell-attracting chemokine 1 (BCA-1), also known as CXCL13, is expressed at high levels in lymphoid tissues, such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer’s patches. BCA-1 activates signaling through the receptor Burkitt lymphoma receptor 1 (BLR1) to chemoattract B cells.

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B Ligand (RANK Ligand) is a cell-bound marker related to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family of proteins. RANK Ligand plays a critical role in bone metabolism and osteoclast differentiation. T cell expression of RANK Ligand promotes dendritic cell...

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) binds the interleukin 1 receptor (IL-1R) to antagonize interleukin 1 alpha and beta signaling. IL-1RA is secreted by immune cells, epithelial cells, hepatocytes, and adipocytes to inhibit IL-1-induced inflammation. IL-1RA therapy is used to treat...

SCF is a multipotent factor which affects cells of the myeloid, erythroid, mast, and lymphoid lineages. • Exists both as a membrane-bound and soluble form • Expressed by fibroblasts and endothelial cells promoting proliferation, migration, survival, and differentiation in hematopoietic progenitors,...

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is an immunomodulatory cytokine that is produced by lymphocytes. IL-2 signals through the IL-2R receptor to induce activated T cell proliferation and promote T cell differentiation. IL-2 also stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B cells, natural killer cells,...

Acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-acidic), also known as FGF-1, is a potent inducer of DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and has chemotactic activities. FGF-acidic regulates cardiogenesis through protein kinase C signaling. FGF-acidic also functions as an insulin sensitizer and mediates adipose...

Interleukin 17F (IL-17F), a member of the IL-17 cytokine family, is secreted by activated CD4+ T cells and monocytes. IL-17F binds the IL-17 receptor related molecule, IL17RC, to promote the production of the interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating...

Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), also known as CCL2, is produced by injured or infected tissues. MCP-1 signals through the CCR2 and CCR4 G protein-coupled receptors to recruit memory T cells, monocytes, and dendritic cells to sites of inflammation.

IL-6 is an important pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine expressed by T cells, macrophages, and muscle cells. • Signals through a receptor complex containing two receptors, IL-6Ra and gp130 • Plays an important function in promoting fever and can serve to stimulate an immune response to...

Follistatin is an autocrine, activin-binding protein that is ubiquitously expressed with highest expression levels being in the ovary and skin. Follistatin negatively regulates the signaling of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) family members, such as activin, bone morphogenetic proteins...

Activin A is a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) family of proteins and functions to stimulate follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion. Activins are produced in many tissue types including the skin, gonads, lungs, and pituitary gland. Activins interact with receptor type I...

CD40-Ligand, or CD154, is a membrane glycoprotein and differentiation antigen that is expressed on the surface of T cells, monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, platelets, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells. CD40-Ligand binds and activates the CD40 receptor on antigen-presenting cells. CD40-Ligand...

Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) is an important member of the nerve growth factor (NGF) family of proteins. NT-3 promotes the growth, survival, and differentiation of neurons and synapses in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The receptor tyrosine kinase TrkC exclusively binds in high-affinity to...

Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family and is constitutively expressed in smooth muscle and airway epithelial cells. IL-33 signals through the interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (IL-1R1) and interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) receptors to ativate NF-?B and MAPK...

R-Spondin-1 (RSPO-1) is a secreted growth factor that stabilizes ß-catenin and enhances WNT signaling. RSPO-1 is expressed in many tissues and regulates female sex determination, XX gonad development, oocyte differentiation, and hematopoietic stem cell specification. The RSPO-1 stabilization of...

Interleukin 31 (IL-31) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that is expressed by activated type 2 T helper (Th2) cells. IL-31 signals through a heterodimer receptor consisting of the IL-31 Receptor A (IL-31RA) and the oncostatin M receptor (OSMR), which are expressed on monocytes, epithelial cells, and...

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is an important fetal growth hormone made by theca cells during gestation. IGF-II engages the IGF-I receptor (IGF1R) to mediate embryonic growth. IGF-II also binds the sink IGF-II receptor (IGF2R) leading to IGF-II degradation.

Galectin-3 belongs to the lectin family of carbohydrate binding proteins. Galectin-3 is expressed by a wide range of cell types including activated T cells, tumor cells, macrophages, osteoclasts, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. Galectin-3 has specific binding affinity for beta-galactoside sugar...

Tumor growth factor alpha (TGF-a) is a member of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family. TGF-a function is mediated through binding the EGF receptor (EGFR) to activate receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. TGF-a functions as a mitogen to activate epithelial cell proliferation, growth, and...

Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1 a), also called CXCL12a, is one of two SDF-1 splice variants made by a wide variety of cells upon stimulation by inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-1, and LPS. SDF-1a signals through the G protein-coupled receptor CXCR4 to recruit activated leukocytes....

Cytokines for polarizing mouse T cells into Th9 cells. Th9 cells are a unique subset of T helper cells that produce IL-9. Although the exact function of IL-9 producing T cells is yet to be completely clear it is proposed that these cells could be important in inflammation and helminth infections....